Revisiting a Still of Jupiter with Photoshop.

The day before Thanksgiving I went to the Plymouth Astrophotography SIG group.  It was an interesting meeting, but there was not to much instruction on the basics given to any of the newer people.  I actually missed the first 20 minutes or so of the meeting, so it's difficult to say if they gave any basic instruction.  They usually go over photoshop skills and photoshop demos where we can walk along with our laptops and a test image.  That didn't happen.

There was a showing of a photo being worked on and some work that some of the imagers did.  My images are far less technical and far less detailed as I usually shoot basic images with basic equipment.

There was also a slideshow about a trip one of the members took out west, which was interesting, inside a mirror factory that builds very large telescopes and an astronomy show. . . but I don't have photos of that presentation.

The topics were varied. . . just sitting around and looking at the photos others were working on gave me the desire to open up the simple Jupiter stills I took and play with them a bit in photoshop to see if I could improve them a bit more.

I choose a single still, a JPEG image.  I shot this in RAW and JPEG, but downloaded only the JPEGS to play with.  The Raw image might give better results, but I'm basically just learning how to enhance images a bit and this image is far from perfect in getting a good still image of a planet.  In practice it's better to take VIDEO recordings of planets and process these.  For the planets and moon an AVI file can be processed if you record an AVI file using a basic WEBCAM based astronomy camera on a telescope or use a dedicated camera, like the FLEA3 which can record AVI files which are much better for getting planetary images.

What usually happens at HJRO is I show up with a couple of cameras but not the Stellacam.  I usually have my iphone and Canon EOS t1i, which don't require a computer to control them.  Because I'm not using the Stellacam or the Meade Deep sky camera, I'm not capturing AVI files.  We will setup the HJRO computer for the Meade camera soon and fix it for the Stellacam, but right now I have to haul a laptop with me to control these and capture from these.  So to be quick, and not mess much with imaging, I'm usually not setup for Stellacam imaging.  After all I'm usually opening up for visual observing and imaging is often an afterthought, not a planned activity.  Deep sky imaging requires long exposures with our setups and we often don't dedicate the telescope for images. . . there more details to discuss but I'll spare you that in this post.

So I loaded up some JPEG images and found one that looked to have some pretty good detail.  I decided to tweak the image using photoshop, and we normally use curve controls to bring out details of faint objects.  Curve adjustments can do more than this, sometimes it can balance an image.  The curve filters most Astronomers use adjust the entire picture and we usually adjust the RGB curves all at the same time.  This to have a balanced color adjustment.  We don't want to alter the color balance much, but sometimes some will add color saturation to bring out details.  Most astronomers who post process, won't put in to much saturation or overly push the image, because they don't want over-saturated colors of levels to blow out the image and make it to bright and lose detail.

Most use curves for fainter images and bring up levels.  For a high exposed image, you may use curves that are "negative" which pull down levels.  This is usually suggested to get rid of sky glow, in the "Nebulosity manual" for example.  Most Astronomers don't use negative curve settings much to bring down brightness settings.

In this Jupiter image I used curves at first and then found out as I opened and worked on other images, that the HDR settings for an image offer a lot more control and tweaking ability.  I revisited a curved adjusted image of Jupiter and loaded that back into Photoshop and did some HDR processing.  I found that the DETAILS setting to bring out more details in the HDR filter could work some wonders.

The exported image was quite bright and over-saturated.  I brought down some of the color in Apple Preview and brought down the exposure a bit.  I was fairly happy with the result considering not a lot of detail was going to come out of one single still image of Jupiter.  You have to use many images and stack to get rid of noise and bring out more details.  Since I didn't have an AVI file for REGISTAX to work with I'd have to settle with bringing out detail from this single still.

The resulting image was over-saturated and had more color than some would like to see in a Jupiter image.  The color details bring out more detail that might not be present in a black in white image in this case, so pushing the color information helps bring out interesting features.

The resulting image looked pretty nice and sharp, with some nice details, but it's still far short of efforts others show with AVI recordings through a 2.5x barlow on a C14.  I shot this JPEG handheld using a Canon EOS through a 25mm eyepiece and 2x barlow.  That kind of image will never compare to an image taken in an AVI file and processed in Registax with the same C14 setup and sky conditions.

The final image had a little bit of noise in it that I thought might be cleaned up using Neat Image Noise reduction.  I loaded it up in Neat image and it cleaned up the image nicely.  I made some adjustments.  Usually noise reduction will take out some details in the image, if noise is inside the image itself.  For example the noise that might be in part of the image of Jupiter near the top pole in this photo may be reduced, but some band details might get a bit more fuzzy when that works.  Usually image processing on an astronomy image may reduce noise in the sky that is not the detailed information you have elsewhere in the photo.  I attempted to adjust noise in the planet's detail area.  This made the image a little softer than I would like it to be.  A few tweaks of the many settings in Neat Image Noise reduction and I was able to add back some details, using a detail enhancement setting inside the image program.

Many use softening to soften the noise in a photo of Jupiter or Saturn.  This may reduce fine details in the bands of gas in a Jupiter photo.  I don't like softening the photo to much.   To me Gaussian blurs are usually overkill and reduce detail in Jupiter images, especially near the edge of the planet's disk.

Here's the result.  It's far from perfect, but it gives you an idea of how much detail was visible in the eyepiece.  A human viewer would see an image that had a lot less color, but you would see some color in the eyepiece for Jupiter.

This image looks better on my Macintosh than on my iphone.  The image was over-processed to bring out details and that makes it look a little bit more like a painting than a photo.  You can see cloud band details however that were not clearly evident at the eyepiece.  The seeing conditions, stillness of the air was good enough for brief flashes of detail to appear at the eyepiece, but this was perhaps for only 5% of the time and most of the time the image would look a little more blurry than shown below and you'd catch the sharp image from time to time at the eyepiece.

Will open up for solar at 3:40pm for solar viewing And around 7pm for evening viewing.

We are going to be open tonight.

Last night we were plagued with fog and not open.

Tonight should be much better.

More to follow.

Greg


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HJRO will not be open tonight, at least not by me - Friday report

Friday night viewing report.  

QUICK SUMMARY  - Looked at about a dozen objects under marginal viewing conditions.

Briefly we had four FAAC volunteers show up hoping that some of the HFCC club members might show up.  One HFCC member (Aaron) showed up late.  The others were apparently unable to make it with the late announcement and cold weather.  Perhaps they had to many other plans to show up in the almost freezing weather.   The viewing conditions were pretty bad although the skies looked fairly good down to about 25 degrees above the horizon.  Sky glow and humidity made the sky appear to be hazy near the horizon and when I finally left at 2am a heavy icy mist and more humidity covered the low lying areas of the ground and affecting the sky viewing, making it look like a clear bowl up high, but foggy near the horizon.  

The weather is supposed to be about the same Saturday night, but humidity will be even worse.  Expect a heavy icy dew falling.  Those standing outside will have telescopes and themselves covered with a dew frost that will be cold and of course increasingly thick throughout the evening once the ice dew starts falling.

Because of the relatively light turnout on Friday, and because I'm not feeling very well.  I'm not opening up Saturday.  The other FAAC volunteers at HJRO had enough of the fair viewing conditions and cold and I'm pretty sure they won't show up as they had enough of that poor weather and viewing last night.   I have to hope and plan for Monday's event with up to 40 visitors.  I'm actually hoping that I'll feel much better and we have some decent viewing conditions so we can host the event Monday.  But there is a part of me that hopes the weather is bad for Monday and we can reschedule the boy scout event, because I don't know how well I'll recover by Monday from the cold and a "cold bug" that apparently has taken hold of me today.

NOW FOR THE VIEWING DETAILS  (We had three or four visitors for solar viewing and four volunteers and visitors for night viewing.)

Three people from Lake Erie Metro Park arrived.  They were told we were open by Tim Dey.  We had one visitor a new member (Aaron) from the HFCC club, but actually he has been here before and is automatically a member of Faac.   Aaron arrived late and only saw the late night objects, and others were leaving when he arrived.  I think Aaron was there for 90 minutes to 2 hours.  We talked with him about meteor shower viewing and viewing sites for some of the time.  Rick thought Crosswinds marsh was a good area to view meteors locally.  But I added with the cold weather and late hours required with frost, I thought that would be challenging and not very rewarding for this Saturday night.  I also mentioned I've never attended a meteor shower party or been at one where I felt the view was worth the trouble, but I often view with telescopes and don't view meteors at dark skies, naked eye, which is the way most shower watchers see more meteors.   

Many times showers show as few as half the meteors per hour as they are rated and you won't often see those in brighter skies.  Some locations nearby are darker, but Lincoln Park and HJRO is not one of them.  Tim Dey said he saw about 25 meteors per hour during a meteor shower a couple months back, but he was at a dark sky site.  When I tried to view the same shower for 45 minutes from my yard in Lincoln Park, I saw no meteors at all.  A fellow FAAC astronomer from Dearborn, saw maybe two in the same 45 minutes.

I sent a text message on Thursday, that we'd be open on Friday, to the HFCC Astronomy club president, but didn't know if any of the members would show up.

Last night (Friday) it was cold out.  The 40 degree early temperatures felt much colder with a gentle humid breeze that would later turn to ice dew falling.  It felt like a cross between visiting a humid England, and going up north to snowmobile.  

The icy frost and high humidity didn't help viewing much.  A light breeze made it feel colder outside.

We had four FAAC volunteers who showed up for the HFCC Friday viewing,   Tim Campbell, Art Parent, Rick Arzadon and myself.

Also Mike showed up briefly and was there earlier in the day briefly during solar viewing.  Mike and Tim were out for the solar viewing hour or so that we were out from 4 to 5pm.

We looked at a number of objects, but these were spaced apart due to some being up early and others up later.  Unfortunately the sky was much worse than predicted for clear seeing via the clear sky chart.  We could see clearly but high humidity and some winds probably caused the seeing to be degraded a bit, we could not really see Jupiter very sharp even with the 25mm eyepiece on the C14.   Earlier in the evening we could see Jupiter and the shadow from IO on the surface of the cloud layer, but the moons shadow wasn't tack sharp as it would have been the night before under better viewing.  I could put 12.5mm on the c14 with great viewing on Thursday night, but last night even the 13mm that Tim Campbell had didn't show much beyond a fuzzy mushy large image in the eyepiece, not much detail, just a soft larger image.  The 25mm showed detail but not tack sharp detail.  It was probably sharper with a lower power eyepiece.

7pm
We also looked at the moon before it set, only a couple of us looked at the moon as that was early on.  Rick and I looked at the moon.  Tim and Art arrived in time to get a brief glimpse of the moon.

7:30pm
The four of us also looked at Neptune and Uranus.  Neptune had set by the time other visitors stopped by.

We looked at the Ring Nebula.

We looked at Jupiter early and throughout the evening as well it looked better as it rose, but humidity conditions were getting worse and it didn't look to much better than when it was first visible.

We looked at the double cluster and M45, common open clusters.

We looked at m42 the Orion Nebula.  We also looked at some other objects, M1, some open clusters.  We tried to look for the dumbbell nebula later in the evening, but it was to low and washed out with sky glow.

Some looked at m42 with the 03 filter and also a hydrogen beta filter to compare them.  Tim said the. 03 filter was better for m42.

There were probably a few other objects that I forgot to mention.  We had a lot of discussion at times.  For some of the visitors I told them some quick information regarding the observatory and they viewed a half a dozen objects at most.

I setup the binocular telescope and Big Bertha, and some of us looked through them, but the cold weather made it easier to view from inside the observatory.  Aaron mentioned the HFCC group was thinking about looking at a meteor shower.  The shower is a minor one and would likely require very early morning viewing in the 2am to 4am range.  It peaked this morning, and it's a minor shower with only 15 meteors an hour peak predicted.

You will see meteors with naked eye observing and it's better at a dark sky site.  This means you want to be at a dark sky area, and it should have nice views hopefully with a low horizon to see more of the sky.

The cold frost and icy conditions made the viewing conditions much less than ideal.  Clear, but not decent high powered views were a disappointment.  We had a good time talking but the cold and lack of visitors was a bit disappointing.

It's supposed to be worse today, with more icy conditions with higher humidity.  This means it will likely be cold, frosty with heavy frosts and a bowl like haze near the horizon.  That will make huge sky glow near the horizon near city lights and make low horizon viewing difficult.  HJRO doesn't have a good location for meteor viewing.  I've really never been to a meteor shower party or been much of one to go out and look for meteor showers, I just happen to see an occasional meteor during a viewing event when a shower might happen, catching a glimpse of a stray one.

Members who have done meteor shower watching have missed results, at a darker site it would be better.

When I woke up this morning I felt really sick, like a stomach flu bug or something hit me.  It was probably due to the cold and fatigue of the long sessions during the past two nights.

I can't see the point of opening up HJRO tonight, for a couple of visitors and poor viewing conditions.  The moon might be up early and offer some interesting viewing, but in my experience HFCC astronomy club members often show up late at night so they would miss the early viewing.  For some reason, lately the trend for college age viewers is they show up after 11pm.

If I open up tonight, it would only be for a couple of hours, but I'm feeling to sick to open up tonight and I don't think the other Faac volunteers would show up to lighten the load in running the observatory due to the cold, poor viewing condition and low turnout we'd expect.

So I don't think I'm going to open up the observatory at all tonight.

Maybe I can get one of the other key keepers to open up.

The other problem with opening up tonight is if the weather improves by Monday, I may have 40 scouts and parents arrive at HJRO.  I can't risk getting more ill and being unable to open by Monday because I sat outside at HJRO under frost conditions for six hours tonight.  Especially for one visitor.

I'm really thinking about limiting and budgeting the time that HJRO is open to much shorter time periods and announce we would be open for only a short two hour window, especially during the winter hours.

That's my thoughts today.  I was out for six hours observing Thursday and eight hours Friday, so I think my observing time at HJRO during this cold weekend has hit it's limit.

Greg

We will be open Friday night for observing, hope to see Jupiter as well as we did last night

Single still image using Canon EOS T1i processed a little using preview to bring out details.  This was a still image I took holding the camera up to a 25mm Plossl eyepiece which was in a 2x barlow.  This gave a 12.5 mm focal length.  The power of the eyepiece view can be calculated by dividing the focal length of the eyepiece/barlow combination into the focal length of the main mirror/objective.  In this case 3911mm/12.5 will give us the power.  That gives us 312 power.  So this is what Jupiter looked like (in the camera) looking through the eyepiece.

Naked eye you saw basically the same amount of detail.  The colors may be slightly more bright in this photo than you'd see in the eyepiece.  This is due to the color sensors in a camera being more sensitive to colored light than those in our eyes.  Our eyes are only 5% efficient at getting color information, the camera chip in a typical DSLR is 70% efficient.

For low light photos and even photos of the planets, the camera can show much more color than the eyes will see.  Also with very low light targets that are faint, only our black and white sensors in our eyes will fire from the dim light.  This is why faint objects only look to be black and white.  When we take photos of them with good equipment, we can see color in the photos, but not with the naked eye through the telescope.

In may ways, the naked eye and visual observing is at a disadvantage to photography.  We can't take a timed exposure.  We can't digitally "stack" all the good images and throw away the bad ones that are blurry and moving.  We have a lot of disadvantages.  Also many of the photos you see are timed exposures and show a lot of detail you will never see with your eyes, even through the largest available telescopes.  So some people are disappointed by what they see when looking at faint fuzzy objects that are very dim.   Some items in space, usually the moon, Saturn and Jupiter, may show more details through a large telescope than a quick photo can show.   You may see more detail than a fast, single exposure can show.  This photo is a pretty good example and pretty close to what we could see last night.  It's a little larger than it would appear in the eyepiece.

With higher power, we start seeing the effects of the atmosphere more and detail starts to break down as we are seeing more distortions in the air currents and our weather.   There's a lot more I could say, but I'll keep the post short.

Tonight the observatory will be open and we will be able to look at the moon early on, around 7PM.  Later in the evening, around 9PM we won't be viewing the moon, because it will have set but Jupiter will be getting higher in tonight's sky and we will be able to see it in the C14.  It will look very clear and you should see much detail, like you'd see in that photo above.

The Great Red spot is visible in the photo above.  It rotates around the planet and may be in view or out of view, I have to check some common astronomy programs to see where it will be and they are not on this computer.  If it's out we'll likely see it and hopefully with as much detail as you can see in the above photo.  There is really much more detail being seen in Jupiter lately because it's near opposition, almost exactly opposite of the sun in the night sky.  It will be in opposition, in December.

Saturn is setting with the sun now and not visible in the night sky.   We were looking at Saturn and Mars earlier in the year, when they were higher in the sky.  Mars is somewhat visible early near sunset, but it's getting so close to the sun and sets so close being low, it's not a very good target and it's best viewed with a telescope outside of the observatory, due to it's very low position.  We probably won't see Mars tonight.  Venus can be  seen early in the morning before the sun rises.

We will be able to view Uranus and Neptune as well in the early evening around, better before 8PM.

An early object to look at:
M57 - The Ring Nebula.  Those arriving early in the evening may be able to view the Ring Nebula.  It's a planetary nebula that looks like a faint smoke ring.  It has a couple of faint stars inside it that are about as faint as the minor planet Pluto.  These stars can be seen in photographs, but it's not likely that you'll see them with the C14 visually.  You'll see the smoke ring.  You can even see it with low powered telescopes.  You can see it through my binocular telescope at 36x, but the ring looks very small at lower powers and looks much better at higher powers, that a larger telescope like the C14 can provide.


M42 - The Orion Nebula
The Orion Nebula is always a favorite and bright deep sky object to view.  It will be 13 degrees above the horizon at 10PM.  We are better off viewing it when it's higher over 18 degrees.  So we will probably start viewing it for those who want an early peek at it around 10:30PM.  It will look better later in the evening for those who can stay out.  Some telescopes outside will be able to show it earlier, because they don't have a wall in the way for low horizon viewing. But it looks better as it's up higher in the sky and objects close to the horizon have more atmosphere and sky glow disturbance.
We can also see M42 in the night sky.  It will look better later at night


M45 - The Subaru.  (So popular the Japanese named a car company after it.)
An open cluster also called the Pleiades (seven sisters) is a nice view throughout the evening.  It will continue to be high in the sky.  It's better viewed at really low powers, with binoculars or a wide field telescope.  I'll have Big Bertha out, which is a rich field telescope and can show the entire cluster as well as my binocular telescope which can show the cluster as well.  We can also view it with the Meade refractor inside the observatory.    We may also look at another open cluster, a pair of them called "the double cluster". 

The moon often looks 4 to 8 times better in detail than a "quick photo" can show.  Looking at the moon through a telescope visually is often more rewarding than the "quick" photos I may take of it.

Thursday and Friday viewing at HJRO

I'm planning on opening up HJRO tonight around 9pm for some viewing.

The skies will be better Friday night and I'm hoping to host a Friday night for the HFCC astronomy club on Friday. We were thinking abot being open on Saturday for HFCC but the weather looks better for Friday, so I hope they can change their visit to Friday.

More on Fridays announcement in a future post.


Greg


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Sometimes I'll post something that has nothing to do with astronomy - iPad mini

I haven't been able to observe much in the past couple of weeks due to all the cloudy weather we've been experiencing. This of course is nothing to complain about compared to others who suffered from the latest Hurricane.

What should an amateur astronomer do during cloudy weather?

There is plenty of normal things one can do. I've been doing a bit of shopping trying to knock off some common things and necessities on the todo list. Picking up items that have nothing to do with astronomy.

Astronomers at least the ones o know are into gadgets. I'm probably one of the more gadget addicted in the group of astronomers I know. It can be a big temptation to want to go out and purchase the latest and greatest toys.

I had a non astronomy toy shopping splurge this summer that pretty much tapped out my discretionary budget for this year. This involved a trip.

We can still dream and decide if something will be in the future gadget box. There are so many tools, it's probably better to try to use the toolset and gadgets you already have than go off on some materialism purchase kick.

But along the lines of looking at cool stuff I had to check out the latest iPad mini. I have a first generation iPad 3G that I bought the first day they were out. It only has 16gigs. I've thought at times it would be nicer to have a newer one for a few extra features but these are kind of esoteric. For example the iPad 2 and iPad 3 have cameras on them. That's one advantage over the first generation for blogging photos on the Internet, a quick blogpress post to this blog for example.

Blog press is newer now and requires an update for my iPhone. I can't blogpress from my older os phone right now so I only blog from the iPad or computer. I can blog using safari but what fun is that? I end up blogging from my iPad and email a photo to it from my phone if I'm using an iPhone photo. I can still post jpg images from the canon EOS easily but iPhone posts are slower.

It would be nice to have a camera, but that isn't enough reason to buy a new iPad, at least not for me.

The newer iPad os has Siri which has speech to text. One of the members in our club bought a new iPad and uses it for all his email typing now. He has to speak a little slower and clear when typing, but it works and he has less wear and tear on typing. That would be a nice feature and another reason for a newer iPad. The first generation iPad doesn't have Siri speech to text for emails, etc.

Then we have the VGA mirror mode in the iPad 2 and newer iPads. This is a big deal for large presentations. I'd love to have the ability to present iPad demos on a large projector from time to time or even to record the VGA mirror output for video using a special adapter that can record VGA into Macintosh video. That would be nice the VGA for presentation would only be used a few times a year. So should I update for only a few isolated presentations that may never happen? That's difficult to justify.

Lastly there is my mom who could borrow this newer iPad and use it for her own use from time to time, perhaps watching movies. My mom can't get out and about much due to health reasons. So she sits most of the time and has to do whatever she can from a seated position. It's health related. She has an iPhone 4 I got her, it's pretty cool but sometimes frustrates her. They don't make advanced turned off features in a layered os for the iPhone for seniors. They should but they don't. The iPhone is basically 85 percent computer as far as a replacement. For users who don't program it's closer to 95 percent of what one needs, but it's complicated at times.

One of the things she does from time to time is watch movies or Netflix on her iPhone. It's a small screen. I offered to let her use the iPad, but it's to heavy for her. She has to many other things in her lap and area of her place to have room for a large iPad. A large device on her lap would be a strain and there really is no room for a table.

What about a 7 inch tablet? I've thought of these but I figure the features she is used to on the iPad would be enough confusion for her, why add another os like android to her life? It would be another thing to learn and then I'd have to learn and do android support as well.

If I got her or loaned an iPad mini to her she could view Netflix and movies the way she would now on an iPhone, but she would have a later screen and it might be easier for her to type using voice to speech of Siri. This last feature might not work to well for her. Shed be able to see bigger items and surf better. It would work better for Facebook as well. I could borrow it perhaps for those rare needs an occasional presentation and most of the time it could be used by her. She doesn't need 3G for her iPad, and I probably don't need 3G for it during presentations of astronomy software.

So those are some thoughts. But one can always work themselves up into a buying frenzy when you look at new gadgets.

I decided to head out late today to an apple store at a mall. The one in Ann Arbor is a favorite visit of mine. I went in and looked at the iPad mini's on display. I took a photo of some others at the store and blurred out there faces to protect their identities for this post. I emailed the photo to my email and now I can post it here from my iPad.

Most of the people at the store were interested in the mini but others were there for other items.

They only had 64gig mini's in stock for $549 or something like that, I forgot the exact price, but it's in that official ballpark price. It matched the website. Anyway the almost $600 price tag was a little bit above the base $350 price that might be adequate for a niche iPad. A 32 gig might be a good compromise, but they didn't have those in stock.

It's probably a good thing I can think about it for a while. There is no need to rush. It was funny to see the typical iPad customer, really everyone is a typical customer now. One guy not pictured was there with his first gen iPad just like me, looking at the new mini. I thing some who decided to not upgrade to others from their first generation may upgrade to the mini.

The screen is big enough for personal movie watching and big enough to be much more usable than the iPhone. It's size and weight are really nice and the lightness makes it much better for handheld. For a personal device that you might use alone or with one other person the 8 inch screen is big enough. Thinking about it most may use the iPad as a personal decide most of the time. A small group device the 10 inch iPad works only well with a few people, it's not like it's big enough for six or seven to enjoy as a larger presentation device. So to me the iPad 10 inch is optimized for one two or three people, the iPad mini is for one or maybe two to share and view briefly. The iPad 2 is more convenient. Be sue of this I think some iPad owners may be kind of torn between devices.

I currently own and take a laptop with me a lot more than I need to. The iPad becomes my extra haul device. The iPad is always with me, like a preacher carrying a bible. As a matter of fact you can carry dozens of books so the iPad really can replace your laptop, and your bible or other bookshelf. I don't have to carry a star chart, or moon globe or any of these items as I have an iPad with me.

So the iPad really dispenses of the need for a laptop most of the time. And the iPad mini will even work better for most.

Some of us cheapskates who are older and need a new prescription for reading glasses may find the 10 inch better because of the larger display but it's really probably good enough for many users and will probably supplant the iPad for some users. They may pass the ten inch tablet to others and pick up a mini.

One you are used to the iOS and it's apps you will likely want to stick to the same os. With the new small 7.9 inch iPad mini, you don't have to wait to get an even more portable and affordable high use device.

I think apple came up with another winner.



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